Greek I; Lesson 7

John 1:14

Καὶ ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο καὶ ἐσκήνωσεν ἐν ἡμῖν, καὶ ἐθεασάμεθα τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, δόξαν ὡς μονογενοῦς παρὰ πατρός, πλήρης χάριτος καὶ ἀληθείας.

Καὶ ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο
σαρξ is the PN. Why must it be in the nominative caseA predicate nominative is always in the nominative case?
How do you know that λογος is the subject and not σαρξbecause λογος is articular (GGBB p. 43).?
What kind of conjunction is καιcoordinating?
 
See the evolution of ἐσκήνωσεν:

σκηνo-          stem
εσκηνo            add the augment
εσκηνoσε          add the tense formativeNote: the tense formative has changed slightly from σα to σε. See the footnote in BBG 23.5.e
εσκηνωσε           principle 12
εσκηνωσεν           movable nu

 
ἐν ἡμῖν
This is a prepositional phrase. What part of speech is ενa preposition? What is the OP (cf. here)ημιν is the OP; it is a personal pronoun meaning 'us'? Is the phrase adverbial or adjectivalIt is adverbial answering the where? question.? What word does it modifyἐσκήνωσεν? Which of the adverbial/adjectival questions is being answeredwhere?
 
καὶ ἐθεασάμεθα τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ
δόξαν is the DO. Here is the evolution of ἐθεασάμεθα:

θεα-           stem
εθεα             add the augment
εθεασα           add the tense formative
εθεασαμεθα       add the verb ending

Note the verb ending. It is clearly a middle/passive ending. Why do we translate it in the active voiceIt is deponent.?
 
δόξαν ὡς μονογενοῦς παρὰ πατρός
δόξαν here is in apposition to the previous δόξαν.
ὡς is used to make comparisons (GGBB 761–762).
μονογενους is a substantival adjective.
πατρός is a third declension noun; here it is genitive singular and the OP of παρὰ.
 
πλήρης χάριτος καὶ ἀληθείας.
πληρης is an adjective meaning “full”. Are χάριτος and ἀληθείας genitives of material or content (GGBB p. 91)A decision has to be made based on the meaning of the context.?
It is a good idea to learn how to use MBG. Here’s how:

• First, you need to find the lexical form of the word you are analyzing. The lexical form of χάριτος is χαρις. MBG gives n3c(1) as the code for this noun (see the index in the back). If you go to MBG p. 194, you’ll see the paradigm. This will help you parse it. Compare this with the case endings.
• The lexical form of ἀληθείας is αληθεια. MBG gives its code as n-1a. You’ll find the information for these nouns on page 168 of MBG.

Is this a compound sentence or a compound predicate?A compound predicate. The subject λογος is governing two verbs, εγενετο and εσκηνωσεν.  

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John 1:15

Ἰωάννης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ κέκραγεν λέγων·

John is the subject of μαρτυρει and κεκραγεν.
 
μαρτυρεῖ
What is the squiggly line over the iota in μαρτυρειcircumflex? A circumflex often indicates that a contraction has occurred.

μαρτυρε-       stem
μαρτυρεε         add the connecting vowel
μαρτυρεει          add the verb ending
μαρτυρει              contraction (εε + ι = ει)

κέκραγεν
Notice the reduplication.
 
λέγων
λεγων is a participle; see the present active participle memory forms.
 

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οὗτος ἦν ὃν εἰπον·

Since there is no noun for ουτος to modify, you’ll have to supply one (BBG 13.7).
ἦν is from ειμι.
ὃν εἰπον
The relative pronoun ον is accusative case. Hence, it must be the object of ειπον. “This One was; I said [about] Him…”

• Notice that the gender and number of ον agree with ουτος since that is what it modifies (BBG 14.9).
• Notice that that case of ον reflects the fact that it is the the object of ειπον. (BBG 14.10)

 

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ὁ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος ἔμπροσθεν μου γέγονεν,

Understand the difference between direct and indirect discourse.
 
ὁ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος
ερχομενος is articular. The article before οπισω belongs with ερχομενος. ὁ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος
Since it is articular, it must be adjectival; and hence, either attributive or substantival. Here it is substantival, “the One Who comes…” Since it is substantival, it must be functioning as a noun. Here it is the subject of γεγονεν.
οπισω μου is modifying ερχομενος.
 
ἔμπροσθεν μου
What part of speech is εμπροσθενpreposition? What is the OPμου?
 

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ὅτι πρῶτος μου ἦν.

Another dependent clause. οτι can actually be either a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun. Sometimes, it means “because…” (a subordinating conjunction). Other times, it means “that…” (a relative pronoun). Only the context can decide. Here, it is likely a subordinating conjunction. Hence, the dependent clause is adverbial and modifies γεγονεν.
Consult RWP for the difference in meaning between ἔμπροσθεν μου and πρῶτος μου.