The aspect of the perfect tense denotes action as having been already completed, in the writer’s mind, with the emphasis on the resulting state of affairs cf. BBG chapter 25 or this video. See the endings here. Typically, this is captured in English by using the helping verb “has”, “have” or “had”.
πεπιστευκα – I have believed
λελυκα – I have loosed
Perfects are easy to find because they reduplicate.
1. Perfect Indicative
Person | Active | Middle/Passive |
---|---|---|
1st sg. | λέλυκα | λέλυμαι |
2nd sg. | λέλυκας | λέλυσαι |
3rd sg. | λέλυκε(ν) | λέλυται |
1st pl. | λελύκαμεν | λελύμεθα |
2nd pl. | λελύκατε | λέλυσθε |
3rd pl. | λελύκασι(ν) | λέλυνται |
2. Perfect Subjunctive
Person | Active | Middle/Passive |
---|---|---|
1st sg. | λελύκω | λελύσωμαι |
2nd sg. | λελύκῃς | λελύσῃ |
3rd sg. | λελύκῃ | λελύσηται |
1st pl. | λελύκωμεν | λελύσωμεθα |
2nd pl. | λελύκητε | λελύσησθε |
3rd pl. | λελύκωσι(ν) | λελύσωνται |
3. Perfect Optative
Person | Active | Middle/Passive |
---|---|---|
1st sg. | λελύκοιμι | λελυμένοιμι / λελύσοιμην |
2nd sg. | λελύκοις | λελυμένοιο / λελύσοιο |
3rd sg. | λελύκοι | λελυμένοιτο / λελύσοιτο |
1st pl. | λελύκοιμεν | λελυμένοιμεθα / λελυσοίμεθα |
2nd pl. | λελύκοιτε | λελυμένοιθε / λελύσοισθε |
3rd pl. | λελύκοιεν | λελυμένοιεν / λελύσοιντο |
4. Perfect Imperative
Person | Active | Middle/Passive |
---|---|---|
2nd sg. | λέλυκε | λέλυσο |
3rd sg. | λελυκέτω | λελύσθω |
2nd pl. | λέλυκατε | λέλυσθε |
3rd pl. | λελυκόντων | λελυσθων |
5. Perfect Infinitives & Participles
Form | Active | Middle/Passive |
---|---|---|
Infinitive | λελυκέναι | λελύσθαι |
Participle masc. sg. | λελυκώς | λελυμένος |
Participle fem. sg. | λελυκυῖα | λελυμένη |
Participle neut. sg. | λελυκός | λελυμένον |
6. Pluperfect Indicative
Person | Active | Middle/Passive |
---|---|---|
1st sg. | ἐλελύκη | ἐλελύμην |
2nd sg. | ἐλελύκης | ἐλέλυσο |
3rd sg. | ἐλελύκει(ν) | ἐλέλυτο |
1st pl. | ἐλελύκεμεν | ἐλελύμεθα |
2nd pl. | ἐλελύκετε | ἐλέλυσθε |
3rd pl. | ἐλελύκεσαν | ἐλέλυντο |
Tense
Tense Formative
Augment
Present
no
no
Imperfect
no
yes
First Aorist
yes
yes
Second Aorist
no
yes
Future
yes
no
Perfect
yes
no