Ephesians 1:1
Παῦλος ἀπόστολος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ τοῖς ἁγίοις τοῖς οὖσιν [ἐν Ἐφέσῳ] καὶ πιστοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ·
Ephesians 1:2
χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.
Ephesians 1:3
Εὐλογητὸς ὁ θεὸς καὶ πατὴρ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὁ εὐλογήσας ἡμᾶς ἐν πάσῃ εὐλογίᾳ πνευματικῇ ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις ἐν Χριστῷ,
Ephesians 1:4
καθὼς ἐξελέξατο ἡμᾶς ἐν αὐτῷ πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου, εἶναι ἡμᾶς ἁγίους καὶ ἀμώμους κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ ἐν ἀγάπῃ,
Paraphrase:
Comments:
See a fuller exegesis of this here.
Ephesians 1:5
προορίσας ἡμᾶς εἰς υἱοθεσίαν διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς αὐτόν, κατὰ τὴν εὐδοκίαν τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ,
Ephesians 1:6
εἰς ἔπαινον δόξης τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ ἧς ἐχαρίτωσεν ἡμᾶς ἐν τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ,
Ephesians 1:7
ἐν ᾧ ἔχομεν τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν διὰ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτοῦ, τὴν ἄφεσιν τῶν παραπτωμάτων, κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ
Ephesians 1:8
ἧς ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς ἡμᾶς ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ φρονήσει
Ephesians 1:9
γνωρίσας ἡμῖν τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ, κατὰ τὴν εὐδοκίαν αὐτοῦ ἣν προέθετο ἐν αὐτῷ
Ephesians 1:10
εἰς οἰκονομίαν τοῦ πληρώματος τῶν καιρῶν, ἀνακεφαλαιώσασθαι τὰ πάντα ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ, τὰ ἐπὶ τοῖς οὐρανοῖς καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς· ἐν αὐτῷ,
Ephesians 1:11
ἐν ᾧ καὶ ἐκληρώθημεν προορισθέντες κατὰ πρόθεσιν τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐνεργοῦντος κατὰ τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ,
In whom, also we received an inheritance being predestinated according to the purpose of the One who is working all things according to plan of His desiring.
Paraphrase: In Christ, we receive all the blessings of salvation. Yes, our salvation is our inheritance. Just as no one earns an inheritance, so we never earned our salvation; it was a gift of pure grace. Now this was God’s plan all along. He chose us to receive this inheritance long before the creation of the world, and now He is working out every detail of history consistent with His perfect plan.
Comments:
ἐκληρώθημεν has several options for translation:
- First, it could mean that we are the inheritance of God as in the ASV: “…in whom also we were made a heritage...”; NET: “In Christ we too have been claimed as God’s own possession…”; and the LSB: “In Him, we also have been made an inheritance…”
- Second, it could mean simply that God has chosen as in the NIV: “In him we were also chosen…”
- Third, the most common choice of translators is that we are the heirs and that we receive an inheritance. In Jeremiah 10:16, we both ideas, God is Israel’s inheritance and Israel is God’s inheritance.
Ephesians 1:12
εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς εἰς ἔπαινον δόξης αὐτοῦ τοὺς προηλπικότας ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ·
In order that we might be for the praise of His glory who having before hoped in Christ.
Paraphrase: Yes, this was God’s perfect plan, that He would have a people who would live to praise and lift up His inexpressible glory. First, it was the Jews who put their hope in Christ (Luke 2:25, 38);
Comments:
Ephesians 1:13
ἐν ᾧ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀκούσαντες τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας, τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς σωτηρίας ὑμῶν, ἐν ᾧ καὶ πιστεύσαντες ἐσφραγίσθητε τῷ πνεύματι τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τῷ ἁγίῳ,
In whom, even you, hearing the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation, in whom, even believing, were sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise.
Paraphrase: then it was you, who are gentiles, who heard the preaching of the gospel. You understood that this preaching was truly good news and that it would result in your salvation. You came to Jesus and put your full trust in Him. You were brought into a saving union with Jesus Christ just like we were when we first believed. Yes, you were also sealed with the Holy Spirit and thereby marked as a disciple of Jesus. Now by this seal, you can be sure that God’s promise is for you and your children and for as many as the Lord our God shall call. (Acts 2:39) You are entitled to all the rights and privileges of all who are in union with Christ.
Comments:
Note the position of both ἐν ᾧ. The emphasis is clearly on the “in whom” or the union with Christ. What are each of these phrases modifying?
- The first ἐν ᾧ could be modifying ἐσφραγίσθητε which is governed by ὑμεῖς. We were sealed “in Christ” or we received the Holy Spirit and His ministry which marks us as those who are in Christ.
- The second could be modifying πιστεύσαντες.
The “you” ὑμεῖς here is the subject of “sealed.” It is modified by both participles hearing and believing. Both are temporal participles.
What kind of dative is τῷ πνεύματι?
- agency – …you were sealed by the Holy Spirit…
- a locative – …you were sealed in the sphere of (or with the) the Holy Spirit… (similar to being baptized with the Spirit)
For the seal of the spirit, see here.
Ephesians 1:14
ὅ ἐστιν ἀρραβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν, εἰς ἀπολύτρωσιν τῆς περιποιήσεως, εἰς ἔπαινον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ.
Who is the down payment of our inheritance for redemption of His property for the praise of His glory.
Paraphrase: Yes, the Holy Spirit from God is our guarantee that our Father will surely give us the inheritance He promised us. You can think of the Holy Spirit as a down payment; God has promised us salvation and He sends us His Spirit as the first installment of our full salvation. Now we can be sure that He will be true to His word. Yes, God will not lose what He has purchased. He paid the price for us, and now we belong to Him in both body and soul. He wants us to sing His praises and to extol the glory of His Holy Name.
Comments:
Ephesians 1:15
Διὰ τοῦτο κἀγώ, ἀκούσας τὴν καθ’ ὑμᾶς πίστιν ἐν τῷ κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ καὶ τὴν ἀγάπην τὴν εἰς πάντας τοὺς ἁγίους,
Ephesians 1:16
οὐ παύομαι εὐχαριστῶν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν μνείαν ποιούμενος ἐπὶ τῶν προσευχῶν μου,
G
Paraphrase:
Comments:
Ephesians 1:17
ἵνα ὁ θεὸς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὁ πατὴρ τῆς δόξης, δώῃ ὑμῖν πνεῦμα σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως ἐν ἐπιγνώσει αὐτοῦ,
in order that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory might give to you a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of Him.
Paraphrase: Now this is why I am praying for you. You have heard of that glorious day when God our Father anointed His Son, Jesus, with His Spirit and said these famous words, “This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well-pleased.” (Matthew 3:17) My desire is that God would give you this same anointing. My prayer is that God would baptize you with this same Spirit so that your spirits would be full of the wisdom that we can only have when the Holy Spirit is our Teacher. He takes the things of Christ and shows them to us. (John 16:14)
Comments:
Ephesians 1:18
πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εἰδέναι ὑμᾶς τίς ἐστιν ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς κλήσεως αὐτοῦ, τίς ὁ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης τῆς κληρονομίας αὐτοῦ ἐν τοῖς ἁγίοις,
enlightening the eyes of your heart in order that you might know who is the hope of His calling, who the riches of the glory of His inheritance to the saints.
Paraphrase: Yes, the Holy Spirit is the one who opens the eyes of our heart and illumines the truth so we can see it clearly. Apart from this work, we are completely blind to the gospel of Jesus. Now, however, we can see clearly the One on whom our hope is grounded. Jesus is the Rock to which God has called us; and now, we hear God calling us to place all our hope and expectation on Him. Jesus is the Great King of the Kingdom of God; and when we put our trust in Him, He lavishes on us all the riches of the glorious salvation which He has worked out for us. Yes, all the saints should think about this glorious inheritance which is theirs and which, one day, we will enter into the possession of. This inheritance makes us inconceivably rich beyond all measure.
Comments:
Salmond (p275): In the Epistles the “called of God” are always those to whom the call has come with effect, who have listened to it and been made believers.
I understand the antecedent of “his” in τῆς κλήσεως αὐτοῦ to be God the Father.
Ephesians 1:19
καὶ τί τὸ ὑπερβάλλον μέγεθος τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ εἰς ἡμᾶς τοὺς πιστεύοντας κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν τοῦ κράτους τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ
and what the surpassing greatness of His power to us who are believing according to the working of the power of His might,
Paraphrase: Furthermore, I want you to know just how much power God has exerted on our behalf. It is the same power which God…
Comments:
Ephesians 1:20
ἣν ἐνήργηκεν ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ ἐγείρας αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν, καὶ καθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις
which he worked in Christ raising Him from the dead and seating [Him] on His right in heaven.
Paraphrase: …exercised on our Savior when He lay lifeless in the cold, dark tomb. Into this dark and seemingly hopeless (Luke 24:21) place, God stretched forth His hand and raised Jesus up from the dead and gave Him the place of honor at His right hand. This is the kind of power that only God has, and this is the power which has gone to work on us.
Comments:
Both raising and seating are actions of God the Father.
Ephesians 1:21
ὑπεράνω πάσης ἀρχῆς καὶ ἐξουσίας καὶ δυνάμεως καὶ κυριότητος καὶ παντὸς ὀνόματος ὀνομαζομένου οὐ μόνον ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι·
Above every ruler and authority and lordship and every name being named not only in this age but even in the coming.
Paraphrase: This power raised Jesus up and placed him on the throne of the universe. Jesus now has a place of complete supremacy and sovereignty over all creation. Every emperor, king, prince, noble, general, governor, chieftain, or any other name by which people might call power down; all these are subject to Christ, angels and devils included. Yes, every authority figure, in this age and the one to come…
Comments:
Ephesians 1:22
καὶ πάντα ὑπέταξεν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ, καὶ αὐτὸν ἔδωκεν κεφαλὴν ὑπὲρ πάντα τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ,
and all arranged under His Feet, and He gave Him to the church, head over all.
Paraphrase: …has been placed under His Feet (Psalm 8:6) by God, our Father. Now it is this exalted Christ, which God gives to His church as her Lord and Savior. Jesus is Lord of heaven and earth, and He orchestrates everything in heaven and earth for the good of His people.
Comments:
αὐτὸν = DO; κεφαλὴν = object complement; ἐκκλησίᾳ = IO
Ephesians 1:23
ἥτις ἐστὶν τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ, τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν πληρουμένου.
which is His body, the fulness of the One filling, the all in all.
Paraphrase: Christ is the Head and His people are His body. They are filled, ruled, and empowered by Christ who fills them with His glory, His holiness, and His Spirit. (John 1:14-16; Ephesians 3:19) Yes, He does this for everyone of His people; each individual member receives from Christ all that they need for life and ministry. (1 Corinthians 12:27)
Comments:
πλήρωμα is in apposition with σῶμα. For the complexities of this word, see Robinson (p255), Lightfoot (p255). Basically, the question is whether it refers to that which is filled (the passive sense), or to that which does the filling (the active sense). In other words, does it refer to the bucket or to the water which fills the bucket?
Lightfoot reminds (p261) us of this important fact: “…it is necessary to bear in mind the different aims of the two epistles. While in the former [Colossians] the Apostle’s main object is to assert the supremacy of the Person of Christ, in the latter [Ephesians] his principal theme is the life and energy of the Church, as dependent on Christ.”
Lincoln (see on this verse) paraphrases “all in all” with “for all things in every way.”